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Forest of Tronçais
The Forest of Tronçais (''Forêt de Tronçais'') is a French national forest, a ''forêt domaniale'',〔A ''forêt domaniale'' is a category corresponding to the French State's inalienable domaine, as heir to the monarchy, under a judicial regime distinct from the national ''patrimoine'' and from private property, defined by a royal edict issued from Moulins in 1566. (French Wikipedia: Forêt domaniale).〕 comprising 10,600 hectares in the Allier, managed by the Office national des forêts. Its oaks, planted by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of Louis XIV to supply the French navy, constitute one of the principal stands of oaks in Europe.
Within the forest boundaries are the communes of Braize, Cérilly, Isle-et-Bardais, Le Brethon, Meaulne, Saint-Bonnet-Tronçais, Urçay, Valigny and Vitray.〔(Satellite map )〕
==Flora==
The principal trees are sessile oak (''Quercus petraea'') (73%), whose ancient name in French, ''tronce'', gave its name to the district, with beech (''Fagus sylvatica'') (9%) and pedunculate oak (''Q. robur'') (8%). There are also ''Carpinus'' and Scots pine (''Pinus sylvestris''), which is planted in the poorest soils. Trees are harvested on a rotation averaging 250 years.
Within the forest 108 Roman habitations that have been discovered, most during recent decades, show that the land was cleared and intensively cultivated under the Roman Empire; the resulting pocket of increased biodiversity, initiated by Roman manuring and fertilizing practices, has remained self-sustaining over two millennia and can be detected today.〔Etienne Dambrine ''et al.'', in ''Ecology'' (June 2007); (report: "How Roman farmers left their mark on nature" ).〕 The forest, therefore, is not a relic of the primeval forest that once covered most of France, but was organized by Colbert in 1670, with forethought for the requirements of the French navy two hundred years hence, the present ''futaie Colbert'', now reduced to a few hectares. Beeches and larches were interplanted with the oaks to encourage them to grow with straight tall masts free of knots.〔(Allier Tourisme: The Tronçais Forest )〕 By the time the trees were fully mature, the navy was rapidly switching from sail to steam. The forest was diminished by the creation in 1788 of iron forges fed by charcoal from the forest,〔The forges established by Nicolas Rambourg remained in use until 1932.〕 and by urgent cutting during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic period. The forest regenerated during the 19th century.
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